METHOD TO TREAT USING ANTAGONISTIC ANTI-hTNFSF13B HUMAN ANTIBODIES

ABSTRACT

Human monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind to TNFSF13b polypeptides are disclosed. These antibodies have high affinity for hTNFSF13b (e.g., K D =10 −8  M or less), a slow off rate for TNFSF13b dissociation (e.g., K off =10 −3  sec −1  or less) and neutralize TNFSF13b activity in vitro and in vivo. The antibodies of the invention are useful in one embodiment for inhibiting TNFSF13b activity in a human subject suffering from a disorder in which hTNFSF13b activity is detrimental. Nucleic acids encoding the antibodies of the present invention, as well as, vectors and host cells for expressing them are also encompassed by the invention.

This application is a divisional application of U.S. Ser. No. 11/952,363, filed 7 Dec. 2007, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 10/484,790, filed 22 Jan. 2004, which claims the priority of U.S. provisional application No. 60/312,808 filed 16 Aug. 2001.

The TNF family ligands are known to be among the most pleiotropic cytokines, inducing a large number of cellular responses, including proliferation, cytotoxicity, anti-viral activity, immunoregulatory activities, and the transcriptional regulation of several genes. The TNF family of cytokines and receptors has undergone a large expansion in the last few years with the advent of massive EST sequencing. TNFSF13b is the official name adopted by the TNF Congress for BLyS, TALL-1, BAFF, THANK, neutrokine-α, and zTNF (for review see Locksley et al. Cell 2001 104:487). Human TNFSF13b (hTNFSF13b) is a 285-amino acid type II membrane-bound protein that possesses a N-terminal cleavage site that allows for the existence of both soluble and membrane bound proteins. Functionally, TNFSF13b appears to regulate B cell and some T cell immune responses.

Studies of septic shock syndrome and other disorders arising from overproduction of inflammatory cytokines have shown that an afflicted host will often counter high cytokine levels by releasing soluble cytokine receptors or by synthesizing high-affinity anti-cytokine antibodies. Methods of treatment that mimic such natural responses are considered as viable therapeutic approaches for alleviating cytokine-mediated disease. Thus, there is a well-recognized need for human antibodies that bind cytokines, such as TNFSF13b, that are involved in the regulation of cellular immune processes with high affinity and that have the capacity to antagonize the activity of the targeted cytokine in vitro and in vivo. Although international patent application WO00/50597 non-descriptively discloses antibodies directed at TNFSF13b, that application does not specifically describe the structural or functional characteristics of such antibodies.

The present invention provides anti-hTNFSF13b human antibodies, or antigen-binding portions thereof. The antibodies of the invention are characterized by high affinity binding to TNFSF13b polypeptides, slow dissociation kinetics, and the capacity to antagonize at least one in vitro and/or in vivo activity associated with TNFSF13b polypeptides.

The present invention also provides anti-hTNFSF13b human antibodies comprising a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of a polypeptide as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2, a polypeptide as shown in SEQ ID NO: 4, a polypeptide as shown in SEQ ID NO: 6, a polypeptide as shown in SEQ ID NO: 8, a polypeptide as shown in SEQ ID NO: 10, a polypeptide as shown in SEQ ID NO: 12, a polypeptide as shown in SEQ ID NO: 14, and a polypeptide as shown in SEQ ID NO: 16.

In another embodiment, the invention provides an isolated anti-hTNFSF13b human antibody which binds to a hTNFSF13b polypeptide and dissociates from the hTNFSF13b polypeptide with a K_(off) rate constant of 1×10⁻⁴ s⁻¹ or less, as determined by surface plasmon resonance, or which inhibits TNFSF13b induced proliferation in an in vitro neutralization assay with an IC₅₀ of 1×10⁻⁸ M or less.

In an preferred embodiment, the invention provides an isolated anti-hTNFSF13b human antibody that has the following characteristics:

a) inhibits TNFSF13b induced proliferation in an in vitro neutralization assay with an IC₅₀ of 1×10⁻⁸ M or less;

b) has a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:16; and

c) has a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8.

The invention also provides methods of treating or preventing acute or chronic diseases or conditions associated with B cell and some T cell activity including, but not limited to, autoimmune disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and/or neoplasia comprising the administration of an anti-hTNFSF13b human antibody of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides sequences that encode the novel anti-hTNFSF13b human antibodies, vectors comprising the polynucleotide sequences encoding anti-hTNFSF13b human antibodies, host cells transformed with vectors incorporating polynucleotides that encode the anti-hTNFSF13b human antibodies, formulations comprising anti-hTNFSF13b human antibodies and methods of making and using the same.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides the epitope of the antigen to which the novel anti-hTNFSF13b human antibodies bind. Thus, the invention also provides a use of an antibody that binds the epitope of the present invention thereby neutralizing the TNFSF13b activity for the treatment or prevention of acute or chronic diseases or conditions associated with B cell and some T cell activity including, but not limited to, autoimmune disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and/or neoplasia.

The invention also encompasses an article of manufacture comprising a packaging material and an antibody contained within said packaging material, wherein the antibody neutralizes TNFSF13b activity for treatment or prevention of a human subject suffering from a disorder in which TNFSF13b activity is detrimental, and wherein the packaging material comprises a package insert which indicates that the antibody neutralizes by binding an epitope of TNFSF13b, wherein the epitope comprises lysine at position 71, threonine at position 72, tyrosine at position 73, and glutamic acid at position 105; and a package insert that provides for administration of the dosage form that results in neutralizing TNFSF13b activity.

FIG. 1. Graph illustrating the inhibition of hTNFSF13b and IL-1 induced proliferation of T1165.17 cells by human antibody 4A5-3.1.1-B4.

FIG. 2. Graph illustrating the neutralization of hTNFSF13b induced proliferation by human antibody 4A5-3.1.1-B4 in primary human B cells stimulated with anti-IgM.

In order that the present invention may be more readily understood, certain terms are first defined.

An antibody is an immunoglobulin molecule comprised of four polypeptide chains, two heavy (H) chains (about 50-70 kDa) and two light (L) chains (about 25 kDa) inter-connected by disulfide bonds. Light chains are classified as kappa and lambda. Heavy chains are classified as gamma, mu, alpha, delta, or epsilon, and define the antibody's isotype as IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE, respectively. Each heavy chain is comprised of a heavy chain variable region (abbreviated herein as HCVR) and a heavy chain constant region. The heavy chain constant region is comprised of three domains, CH1, CH2, and CH3 for IgG, IgD and IgA, and 4 domains, CH1, CH2, CH3, CH4 for IgM and IgE. Each light chain is comprised of a light chain variable region (abbreviated herein as LCVR) and a light chain constant region. The light chain constant region is comprised of one domain, CL. The HCVR and LCVR regions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability, termed complementarity determining regions (CDRs), interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed framework regions (FR). Each HCVR and LCVR is composed of three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4. The assignment of amino acids to each domain is in accordance with well known conventions. [Kabat, et al, Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, Fifth Edition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No. 91-3242 (1991); Chothia, et al., J. Mol. Biol. 196:901-917 (1987); Chothia, et al., Nature 342:878-883 (1989)]. The functional characteristics of the antibody to bind a particular antigen are determined by the CDRs.

In the present disclosure the term “antibody” is intended to refer to a monoclonal antibody per se. A monoclonal antibody can be a human antibody, chimeric antibody, humanized antibody, Fab fragment, Fab′ fragment, F(ab′)₂, or single chain FV fragment. Preferably the term “antibody” refers to human antibody. The term “human antibody” includes antibodies having variable and constant regions corresponding to human germline immunoglobulin sequences. Human antibodies have several advantages over non-human and chimeric antibodies for use in human therapy. For example, the effector portion of a human antibody may interact better with the other parts of the human immune system (e.g., destroy the target cells more efficiently by complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)). Another advantage is that the human immune system should not recognize the human antibody as foreign, and, therefore the antibody response against such an injected antibody should be less than against a totally foreign non-human antibody or a partially foreign chimeric antibody. In addition, injected non-human antibodies have been reported to have a half-life in the human circulation much shorter than the half-life of human antibodies. Injected human antibodies will have a half-life essentially identical to naturally occurring human antibodies, allowing smaller and less frequent doses to be given.

The term “hTNFSF13b” refers to the human form of a member of the tumor necrosis factor family of ligands described in international patent applications WO98/18921 and WO00/50597 (referred to therein as neutrokine-α). The term “TNFSF13b” is intended to encompass hTNFSF13b as well as homologs of hTNFSF13b derived from other species. The terms “hTNFSF13b” and “TNFSF13b” are intended to include forms thereof, which can be prepared by standard recombinant expression methods or purchased commercially (Research Diagnostics Inc. Catalog No. RDI-3113, rhuBAFF, Flanders, N.J.) as well as generated synthetically. The phrase “biological property”, “biological characteristic”, and the term “activity” in reference to an antibody of the present invention are used interchangeably herein and include, but are not limited to, epitope affinity and specificity (e.g., anti-hTNFSF13b human antibody binding to hTNFSF13b), ability to antagonize the activity of the targeted polypeptide (e.g., TNFSF13b activity), the in vivo stability of the antibody, and the immunogenic properties of the antibody. Other identifiable biological properties or characteristics of an antibody recognized in the art include, for example, cross-reactivity, (i.e., with non-human homologs of the targeted polypeptide, or with other proteins or tissues, generally), and ability to preserve high expression levels of protein in mammalian cells. The aforementioned properties or characteristics can be observed or measured using art-recognized techniques including, but not limited to ELISA, competitive ELISA, surface plasmon resonance analysis, in vitro and in vivo neutralization assays (e.g., Example 2), and immunohistochemistry with tissue sections from different sources including human, primate, or any other source as the need may be. Particular activities and biological properties of anti-hTNFSF13b human antibodies are described in further detail in the Examples below.

The phrase “contact position” includes an amino acid position in the CDR1, CDR2 or CDR3 of the heavy chain variable region or the light chain variable region of an antibody which is occupied by an amino acid that contacts antigen. If a CDR amino acid contacts the antigen, then that amino acid can be considered to occupy a contact position.

“Conservative substitution” or “conservative amino acid substitution” refers to amino acid substitutions, either from natural mutations or human manipulation, wherein the antibodies produced by such substitutions have substantially the same (or improved or reduced, as may be desirable) activity(ies) as the antibodies disclosed herein.

The term “epitope” as used herein refers to a region of a protein molecule to which an antibody can bind. An “immunogenic epitope” is defined as the part of a protein that elicits an antibody response when the whole protein is the immunogen.

The term “binds” as used herein, generally refers to the interaction of the antibody to the epitope of the antigen. More specifically, the term “binds” relates to the affinity of the antibody to the epitope of the antigen. Affinity is measured by K_(D).

The term “inhibit” or “inhibiting” includes the generally accepted meaning, which includes neutralizing, prohibiting, preventing, restraining, slowing, stopping, or reversing progression or severity of a disease or condition.

The term “neutralizing” or “antagonizing” in reference to an anti-TNFSF13b antibody or the phrase “antibody that antagonizes TNFSF13b activity” is intended to refer to an antibody or antibody fragment whose binding to TNFSF13b results in inhibition of a biological activity induced by TNFSF13b polypeptides. Inhibition of TNFSF13b biological activity can be assessed by measuring one or more in vitro or in vivo indicators of TNFSF13b biological activity including, but not limited to, TNFSF13b-induced proliferation, TNFSF13b-induced immunoglobulin secretion, TNFSF13b-induced prevention of B cell apoptosis, or inhibition of receptor binding in a TNFSF13b receptor binding assay. Indicators of TNFSF13b biological activity can be assessed by one or more of the several in vitro or in vivo assays known in the art. (see, for example, Moore, P. A., et al., Science, 285:260-263 (1999); Schneider, P., et al., J. Exp. Med., 189:1747-1756 (1999); Shu, H., et al., J. Leuko. Biol., 65:680-683 (1999); Mukhopadhyay, A., et al., J. Biol. Chem., 274:15978-15981 (1999); Mackay, F. et al., J. Exp. Med., 190:1697-1710 (1999); Gross, J. A., et al., Nature, 404:995-999 (2000); and Example 2). Preferably, the ability of an antibody to neutralize or antagonize TNFSF13b activity is assessed by inhibition of B cell proliferation as shown in Example 2.

The term “K_(off)”, as used herein, is intended to refer to the off rate constant for dissociation of an antibody from the antibody/antigen complex.

The term “K_(D)”, as used herein, is intended to refer to the dissociation constant or the “off” rate divided by the “on” rate, of a particular antibody-antigen interaction. For purposes of the present invention K_(D) was determined as shown in Example 4

An “isolated” antibody is one that has been identified and separated and/or recovered from a component of its natural environment. Contaminant components of its natural environment are materials that would interfere with diagnostic or therapeutic uses for the antibody, and may include enzymes, hormones, and other proteinaceous or non-proteinaceous solutes. Ordinarily, an isolated antibody is prepared by at least one purification step. In preferred embodiments, the antibody will be purified (1) to greater than 95% by weight of antibody as determined by the Lowry method, and most preferably more than 99% by weight, and (2) to homogeneity by SDS-PAGE under reducing or nonreducing conditions using Coomassie blue, or preferably, silver stain. Preferably, an “isolated antibody” is an antibody that is substantially free of other antibodies having different antigenic specificities (e.g., an isolated antibody that specifically binds hTNFSF13b substantially free of antibodies that specifically bind antigens other than hTNFSF13b polypeptide).

The phrase “nucleic acid molecule” includes DNA molecules and RNA molecules. A nucleic acid molecule may be single-stranded or double-stranded, but preferably is double-stranded DNA.

The phrase “isolated nucleic acid molecule”, as used herein in reference to nucleic acids encoding antibodies or antibody fragments (e.g., HCVR, LCVR, CDR3) that bind hTNFSF13b polypeptide, includes a nucleic acid molecule in which the nucleotide sequences encoding the antibody, or antibody portion, are free of other nucleotide sequences encoding antibodies or antibody fragments that bind antigens other than hTNFSF13b polypeptide, which other sequences may naturally flank the nucleic acid in human genomic DNA. Thus, for example, an isolated nucleic acid of the invention encoding a HCVR region of an anti-hTNFSF13b human antibody contains no other sequences encoding HCVR regions that bind antigens other than hTNFSF13b polypeptide.

The term “vector” includes a nucleic acid molecule capable of transporting another nucleic acid to which it has been linked. One type of vector is a “plasmid”, which refers to a circular double stranded DNA loop into which additional DNA segments may be ligated. Another type of vector is a viral vector, wherein additional DNA segments may be ligated into the viral genome. Certain vectors are capable of autonomous replication in a host cell into which they are introduced (e.g., bacterial vectors having a bacterial origin of replication and episomal mammalian vectors). Other vectors (e.g., non-episomal mammalian vectors) can be integrated into the genome of a host cell upon introduction into the host cell, and thereby are replicated along with the host genome. Moreover, certain vectors are capable of directing the expression of genes to which they are operatively linked. Such vectors are referred to herein as “recombinant expression vectors” (or simply, “expression vectors”). In general, expression vectors of utility in recombinant DNA techniques are often in the form of plasmids. In the present specification, “plasmid” and “vector” may be used interchangeably as the plasmid is the most commonly used form of vector. However, the invention is intended to include such other forms of expression vectors, such as viral vectors (e.g., replication defective retroviruses, adenoviruses, and adeno-associated viruses), that serve equivalent functions.

Nucleic acid is “operably linked” when it is placed into a functional relationship with another nucleic acid sequence. For example, DNA for a presequence or secretory leader is operably linked to DNA for a polypeptide if it is expressed as a preprotein that participates in the secretion of the polypeptide; a promoter or enhancer is operably linked to a coding sequence if it affects the transcription of the sequence; or a ribosome binding site is operably linked to a coding sequence if it is positioned so as to facilitate translation. Generally, “operably linked” means that the DNA sequences being linked are contiguous, and, in the case of a secretory leader, contiguous and in reading frame. However, enhancers do not have to be contiguous. Linking is accomplished by ligation at convenient restriction sites. If such sites do not exist, the synthetic oligonucleotide adaptors or linkers are used in accordance with conventional practice.

The term “recombinant” in reference to an antibody includes antibodies that are prepared, expressed, created or isolated by recombinant means. Representative examples include antibodies expressed using a recombinant expression vector transfected into a host cell, antibodies isolated from a recombinant, combinatorial human antibody library, antibodies isolated from an animal (e.g., a mouse) that is transgenic for human immunoglobulin genes or antibodies prepared, expressed, created or isolated by any means that involves splicing of human immunoglobulin gene sequences to other DNA sequences. Such recombinant human antibodies have variable and constant regions derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences.

The phrase “recombinant host cell” (or simply “host cell”) includes a cell into which a recombinant expression vector has been introduced. It should be understood that such terms are intended to refer not only to the particular subject cell but to the progeny of such a cell. Because certain modifications may occur in succeeding generations due to either mutation or environmental influences, such progeny may not, in fact, be identical to the parent cell, but are still included within the scope of the term “host cell” as used herein.

Recombinant human antibodies may also be subjected to in vitro mutagenesis (or, when an animal transgenic for human Ig sequences is used, in vivo somatic mutagenesis) and, thus, the amino acid sequences of the HCVR and LCVR regions of the recombinant antibodies are sequences that, while derived from those related to human germline HCVR and LCVR sequences, may not naturally exist within the human antibody germline repertoire in vivo.

Transgenic animals (e.g., mice) that are capable, upon immunization, of producing a full repertoire of human antibodies in the absence of endogenous immunoglobulin production can be employed. Transfer of the human germ-line immunoglobulin gene array in such germ-line mutant mice will result in the production of human antibodies upon antigen challenge (see, e.g., Jakobovits, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90:2551-2555, (1993); Jakobovits, et al., Nature, 362:255-258, (1993; Bruggemann, et al., Year in Immun., 7:33 (1993); Nature 148:1547-1553 (1994), Nature Biotechnology 14:826 (1996); Gross, J. A., et al., Nature, 404:995-999 (2000); and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,877,397, 5,874,299, 5,814,318, 5,789,650, 5,770,429, 5,661,016, 5,633,425, 5,625,126, 5,569,825, and 5,545,806 (each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes)). Human antibodies can also be produced in phage display libraries (Hoogenboom and Winter, J. Mol. Biol., 227:381 (1992); Marks, et al., J. Mol. Biol., 222:581 (1991)). The techniques of Cole et al. and Boerner, et al. are also available for the preparation of human monoclonal antibodies (Cole, et al., Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therap, Alan R. Liss, p. 77 (1985) and Boerner, et al., J. Immunol., 147(1):86-95 (1991)).

“Container” means any receptacle and closure suitable for storing, shipping, dispensing, and/or handling a pharmaceutical product.

“Packaging material” means a customer-friendly device allowing convenient administration and/or ancillary devices that aid in delivery, education, and/or administration. The packaging material may improve antibody administration to the patient, reduce or improve educational instruction time for the patient, provide a platform for improved health economic studies, and/or limit distribution channel workload. Also, the packaging material may include but not be limited to a paper-based package, shrink wrapped package, see-through top packaging, trial-use coupons, educational materials, ancillary supplies, and/or delivery device.

“Package insert” means information accompanying the product that provides a description of how to administer the product, along with the safety and efficacy data required to allow the physician, pharmacist, and patient to make an informed decision regarding use of the product, and/or patient education information. The package insert generally is regarded as the “label” for a pharmaceutical product.

A “subject” means a mammal; preferably a human in need of a treatment. In regards to the present invention subjects in need of treatment include mammals that are suffering from, or are prone to suffer from a disorder in which TNFSF13b activity is detrimental, for example immune diseases, including autoimmune diseases, and inflammatory diseases. Preferred disorders include, but are not limited to, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile chronic arthritis, Lyme arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, allergic diseases, psoriasis, graft versus host disease, organ transplant rejection, acute or chronic immune disease associated with organ transplantation, sarcoidosis, infectious diseases, parasitic diseases, female infertility, autoimmune thrombocytopenia, autoimmune thyroid disease, Hashimoto's disease, Sjogren's syndrome, and cancers, particularly B or T cell lymphomas or myelomas.

Various aspects of the invention are described in further detail in the following subsections.

The present invention relates to human monoclonal antibodies that are specific for and neutralize bioactive hTNFSF13b polypeptides. Also disclosed are antibody heavy and light chain amino acid sequences which are highly specific for and neutralize TNFSF13b polypeptides when they are bound to them. This high specificity enables the anti-hTNFSF13b human antibodies, and human monoclonal antibodies with like specificity, to be immunotherapy of TNFSF13b associated diseases.

In one aspect, the invention provides an isolated human antibody comprising at least one of the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, or 16 and that binds a TNFSF13b polypeptide epitope with high affinity, dissociates from a bound TNFSF13b polypeptide with a low K_(off) rate constant of 1×10⁻⁴ s⁻¹ or less, and has the capacity to antagonize TNFSF13b polypeptide activity. In one embodiment, the anti-hTNFSF13b human antibody comprises a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of: CDR1 polypeptide of the LCVR as shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; CDR2 polypeptide of the LCVR as shown in SEQ ID NO: 6; CDR3 polypeptide of the LCVR as shown in SEQ ID NO: 8; CDR1 polypeptide of the HCVR as shown in SEQ ID NO: 12; CDR2 polypeptide of the HCVR as shown in SEQ ID NO: 14; and CDR3 polypeptide of the HCVR as shown in SEQ ID NO: 16. In another embodiment, the anti-hTNFSF13b human antibody comprises at least two of the polypeptides selected from the group consisting of: CDR1 polypeptide of the LCVR as shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; CDR2 polypeptide of the LCVR as shown in SEQ ID NO: 6; CDR3 polypeptide of the LCVR as shown in SEQ ID NO: 8; CDR1 polypeptide of the HCVR as shown in SEQ ID NO: 12; CDR2 polypeptide of the HCVR as shown in SEQ ID NO: 14; and CDR3 polypeptide of the HCVR as shown in SEQ ID NO: 16. In another embodiment, the anti-hTNFSF13b human antibody comprises at least three of the polypeptides selected from the group consisting of: CDR1 polypeptide of the LCVR as shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; CDR2 polypeptide of the LCVR as shown in SEQ ID NO: 6; CDR3 polypeptide of the LCVR as shown in SEQ ID NO: 8; CDR1 polypeptide of the HCVR as shown in SEQ ID NO: 12; CDR2 polypeptide of the HCVR as shown in SEQ ID NO: 14; and CDR3 polypeptide of the HCVR as shown in SEQ ID NO: 16. In another embodiment, the anti-hTNFSF13b human antibody comprises at least four of the polypeptides selected from the group consisting of: CDR1 polypeptide of the LCVR as shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; CDR2 polypeptide of the LCVR as shown in SEQ ID NO: 6; CDR3 polypeptide of the LCVR as shown in SEQ ID NO: 8; CDR1 polypeptide of the HCVR as shown in SEQ ID NO: 12; CDR2 polypeptide of the HCVR as shown in SEQ ID NO: 14; and CDR3 polypeptide of the HCVR as shown in SEQ ID NO: 16. In another embodiment, the anti-hTNFSF13b human antibody comprises at least five of the polypeptides selected from the group consisting of: CDR1 polypeptide of the LCVR as shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; CDR2 polypeptide of the LCVR as shown in SEQ ID NO: 6; CDR3 polypeptide of the LCVR as shown in SEQ ID NO: 8; CDR1 polypeptide of the HCVR as shown in SEQ ID NO: 12; CDR2 polypeptide of the HCVR as shown in SEQ ID NO: 14; and CDR3 polypeptide of the HCVR as shown in SEQ ID NO: 16. In another embodiment, the anti-hTNFSF13b human antibody comprises the polypeptides of CDR1 polypeptide of the LCVR as shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; CDR2 polypeptide of the LCVR as shown in SEQ ID NO: 6; CDR3 polypeptide of the LCVR as shown in SEQ ID NO: 8; CDR1 polypeptide of the HCVR as shown in SEQ ID NO: 12; CDR2 polypeptide of the HCVR as shown in SEQ ID NO: 14; and CDR3 polypeptide of the HCVR as shown in SEQ ID NO: 16.

More preferred, the anti-hTNFSF13b human antibody comprises a light chain variable region (LCVR) polypeptide as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 or a heavy chain variable region (HCVR) polypeptide as shown in SEQ ID NO: 10. Even more preferred, the anti-hTNFSF13b human antibody comprises the LCVR polypeptide as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 and the HCVR polypeptide as shown in SEQ ID NO: 10.

In preferred embodiments, the isolated human antibody dissociates from a bound TNFSF13b polypeptide with a K_(off) rate constant of 5×10⁻⁵ s⁻¹ or less, and inhibits TNFSF13b induced proliferation in an in vitro neutralization assay with an IC₅₀ of 1×10⁻⁷ M or less. In more preferred embodiments, the isolated human antibody dissociates from a bound TNFSF13b polypeptide epitope with a K_(off) rate constant of 1×10⁻⁵ s⁻¹ or less and inhibits TNFSF13b induced proliferation in an in vitro neutralization assay with an IC₅₀ of 1×10⁻⁸ M or less. In an even more preferred embodiment, the isolated anti-TNFSF13b human antibody dissociates from a bound hTNFSF13b polypeptide with a K_(off) rate constant of 5×10⁻⁶ s⁻¹ or less and inhibits TNFSF13b induced proliferation in an in vitro assay with an IC₅₀ of 1×10⁻⁹ M or less. Examples of anti-hTNFSF13b human antibodies that meet, the aforementioned kinetic and neutralization criteria include 4A5-3.1.1-B4 antibodies.

The most preferred anti-hTNFSF13b human antibody of the present invention is referred to herein as 4A5-3.1.1-B4. 4A5-3.1.1-B4 has LCVR and HCVR polypeptide sequences as shown in SEQ ID NO:2 and SEQ ID NO:10, respectively. The poly-nucleotide sequence encoding the LCVR and HCVR of 4A5-3.1.1-B4 is shown in SEQ ID NO:1 and SEQ ID NO:9, respectively. The properties of the anti-hTNFSF13b human antibodies of the present invention are specifically disclosed in the Examples. Particularly notable is the high affinity for TNFSF13b polypeptide, slow dissociation kinetics, and high capacity to antagonize TNFSF13b polypeptide activity demonstrated by 4A5-3.1.1-B4.

The K_(off) of an anti-hTNFSF13b human antibody can be determined by surface plasmon resonance as generally described in Example 4. Generally, surface plasmon resonance analysis measures real-time binding interactions between ligand (recombinant TNFSF13b polypeptide immobilized on a biosensor matrix) and analyte (antibodies in solution) by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) using the BIAcore system (Pharmacia Biosensor, Piscataway, N.J.). SPR analysis can also be performed by immobilizing the analyte (antibodies on a biosensor matrix) and presenting the ligand (recombinant TNFSF13b in solution).

In one aspect, the present invention is also directed to the cell lines which produce the anti-hTNFSF13b human antibodies of the present invention. The isolation of cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies of the invention can be accomplished using routine screening techniques known in the art. A hybridoma which produces an anti-hTNFSF13b human antibody of the present invention has been deposited with ATCC, (ATCC PTA-3674) as disclosed herein.

A wide variety of host expression systems can be used to express the antibodies of the present invention including bacterial, yeast, baculoviral, plant, and mammalian expression systems (as well as phage display expression systems). An example of a suitable bacterial expression vector is pUC119 (Sfi). Other antibody expression systems are also known in the art and are contemplated herein.

An antibody of the invention can be prepared by recombinant expression of immunoglobulin light and heavy chain genes in a host cell. To express an antibody recombinantly, a host cell is transfected with one or more recombinant expression vectors carrying DNA fragments encoding the immunoglobulin light and heavy chains of the antibody such that the light and heavy chains are expressed in the host cell. Preferably, the recombinant antibodies are secreted into the medium in which the host cells are cultured, from which medium the antibodies can be recovered. Standard recombinant DNA methodologies are used to obtain antibody heavy and light chain genes, incorporate these genes into recombinant expression vectors, and introduce the vectors into host cells.

The isolated DNA encoding the HCVR region can be converted to a full-length heavy chain gene by operatively linking the HCVR-encoding DNA to another DNA molecule encoding heavy chain constant regions (CH1, CH2, and CH3). The DNA sequences of human heavy chain constant region genes are known in the art and DNA fragments encompassing these regions can be obtained by standard PCR amplification. The heavy chain constant region can be an IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA, IgE, IgM or IgD constant region and any allotypic variant therein as described in Kabat, (Kabat, et al, Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, Fifth Edition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No. 91-3242 (1991)), but most preferably is an IgG1, or IgG4 constant region. Alternatively, the antibody portion can be an Fab fragment, a Fab′ fragment, F(ab′)₂, or a single chain FV fragment. For a Fab fragment heavy chain gene, the HCVR-encoding DNA can be operatively linked to another DNA molecule encoding only the heavy chain CH1 constant region.

The isolated DNA encoding the LCVR region can be converted to a full-length light chain gene (as well as a Fab light chain gene) by operatively linking the LCVR-encoding DNA to another DNA molecule encoding the light chain constant region, CL. The DNA sequences of human light chain constant region genes are known in the art and DNA fragments encompassing these regions can be obtained by standard PCR amplification. The light chain constant region can be a kappa or lambda constant region.

To create a scFV gene, the HCVR- and LCVR-encoding DNA fragments are operatively linked to another fragment encoding a flexible linker, e.g., encoding the amino acid sequence Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser (Gly4-Ser)₃, SEQ ID NO: 20, such that the HCVR and LCVR sequences can be expressed as a contiguous single-chain protein, with the LCVR and HCVR regions joined by the flexible linker (see e.g., Bird et al. Science 242:423-426 (1988); Huston, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:5879-5883 (1988); McCafferty, et al., Nature 348:552-554 (1990)).

To express the antibodies of the invention, DNAs encoding partial or full-length light and heavy chains, obtained as described above, are inserted into expression vectors such that the genes are operatively linked to transcriptional and translational control sequences. The antibody gene is ligated into a vector such that transcriptional and translational control sequences within the vector serve their intended function of regulating the transcription and translation of the antibody gene. The expression vector and expression control sequences are chosen to be compatible with the expression host cell used. The antibody light chain gene and the antibody heavy chain gene can be inserted into separate vector or, more typically, both genes are inserted into the same expression vector. The antibody genes are inserted into the expression vector by standard methods (e.g., ligation of complementary restriction sites on the antibody gene fragment and vector, or blunt end ligation if no restriction sites are present). Additionally, or alternatively, the recombinant expression vector can encode a signal peptide that facilitates secretion of the anti-hTNFSF13b human antibody chain from a host cell. The anti-hTNFSF13b human antibody chain gene can be cloned into the vector such that the signal peptide is linked in-frame to the amino terminus of the antibody chain gene. The signal peptide can be an immunoglobulin signal peptide or a heterologous signal peptide (i.e., a signal peptide from a non-immunoglobulin protein).

In addition to the antibody chain genes, the recombinant expression vectors of the invention carry regulatory sequences that control the expression of the antibody chain genes in a host cell. Regulatory sequences comprise promoters, enhancers and other expression control elements (e.g., polyadenylation signals) that control the transcription or translation of the antibody chain genes. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the design of the expression vector, including the selection of regulatory sequences may depend on such factors as the choice of the host cell to be transformed, the level of expression of protein desired, etc. Preferred regulatory sequences for mammalian host cell expression include viral elements that direct high levels of protein expression in mammalian cells, such as promoters and/or enhancers derived from cytomegalovirus (CMV) (such as the CMV promoter/enhancer), Simian Virus 40 (SV40) (such as the SV40 promoter/enhancer), adenovirus, (e.g., the adenovirus major late promoter (AdMLP)) and polyoma.

In addition to the antibody chain genes and regulatory sequences, the recombinant expression vectors of the invention may carry additional sequences, such as sequences that regulate replication of the vector in host cells (e.g., origins of replication) and selectable marker genes. The selectable marker gene facilitates selection of host cells into which the vector has been introduced. For example, typically the selectable marker gene confers resistance to drugs, such as G418, hygromycin, or methotrexate, on a host cell into which the vector has been introduced. Preferred selectable marker genes include the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene (for use in dhfr-host cells with methotrexate selection/amplification) and the neo gene (for G418 selection). For expression of the light and heavy chains, the expression vector(s) encoding the heavy and light chains is transfected into a host cell by standard techniques. The various forms of the term “transfection” are intended to encompass a wide variety of techniques commonly used for the introduction of exogenous DNA into a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cell, e.g., electroporation, calcium-phosphate precipitation, DEAE-dextran transfection and the like. Although it is theoretically possible to express the antibodies of the invention in either prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cells, expression of antibodies in eukaryotic cells, and most preferably mammalian host cells, is the most preferred because such eukaryotic cells, and in particular mammalian cells, are more likely than prokaryotic cells to assemble and secrete a properly folded and immunologically active antibody. Preferred mammalian host cells for expressing the recombinant antibodies of the invention include Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO cells) (including dhfr-CHO cells, described in Urlaub and Chasin, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 77:4216-4220 (1980), used with a DHFR selectable marker, e.g., as described in R. J. Kaufman and P. A. Sharp, Mol. Biol., 159:601-621 (1982)), NSO myeloma cells, COS cells and SP2 cells. When recombinant expression vectors encoding antibody genes are introduced into mammalian host cells, the antibodies are produced by culturing the host cells for a period of time sufficient to allow for expression of the antibody in the host cells or, more preferably, secretion of the antibody into the culture medium in which the host cells are grown. Antibodies can be recovered from the culture medium using standard protein purification methods.

Host cells can also be used to produce portions of intact antibodies, such as Fab fragments of scFV molecules. It will be understood that variations on the above procedure are within the scope of the present invention. For example, it may be desirable to transfect a host cell with DNA encoding either the light chain or the heavy chain (but not both) of an antibody of this invention. Recombinant DNA technology may also be used to remove some or all of the DNA encoding either or both of the light and heavy chains that is not necessary for binding to hTNFSF13b. The molecules expressed from such truncated DNA molecules are also encompassed by the antibodies of the invention. In a one system for recombinant expression of an antibody of the invention, a recombinant expression vector encoding both the antibody heavy chain and the antibody light chain is introduced into dhfr-CHO cells by calcium phosphate-mediated transfection. Within the recombinant expression vector, the antibody heavy and light chain genes are each operatively linked to enhancer/promoter regulatory elements (e.g., derived from SV40, CMV, adenovirus and the like, such as a CMV enhancer/AdMLP promoter regulatory element or an SV40 enhancer/AdMLP promoter regulatory element) to drive high levels of transcription of the genes. The recombinant expression vector also carries a DHFR gene, which allows for selection of CHO cells that have been transfected with the vector using methotrexate selection/amplification. The selected transformant host cells are culture to allow for expression of the antibody heavy and light chains and intact antibody is recovered from the culture medium. Standard molecular biology techniques are used to prepare the recombinant expression vector, transfect the host cells, select for transformants, culture the host cells and recover the antibody from the culture medium. Antibodies or antigen-binding portions thereof of the invention can be expressed in an animal (e.g., a mouse) that is transgenic for human immunoglobulin genes (see e.g., Taylor, L. D., et al. Nucl. Acids Res., 20:6287-6295 (1992)). Plant cells can also be modified to create transgenic plants that express the antibody or antigen binding portion thereof, of the invention.

In view of the foregoing, another aspect of the invention pertains to nucleic acids, vectors, and host cell compositions that can be used for recombinant expression of the antibodies and antibody portions of the invention. Preferably, the invention features isolated nucleic acids that encode CDRs of 4A5-3.1.1-B4, or the full heavy and/or light chain variable region of 4A5-3.1.1-B4. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the invention features an isolated nucleic acid encoding an antibody heavy chain variable region that encodes the 4A5-3.1.1-B4 heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:16. Preferably, the nucleic acid encoding the antibody heavy chain variable region further encodes a 4A5-3.1.1-B4 heavy chain CDR2 which comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:14. More preferably, the nucleic acid encoding the antibody heavy chain variable region further encodes a 4A5-3.1.1-B4 heavy chain CDR1 which comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:12. Even more preferably, the isolated nucleic acid encodes an antibody heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:10 (the full HCVR region of 4A5-3.1.1-B4).

In other embodiments, the invention features an isolated nucleic acid encoding an antibody light chain variable region that encodes the 4A5-3.1.1-B4 light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8 Preferably, the nucleic acid encoding the antibody light chain variable region further encodes a 4A5-3.1.1-B4 light chain CDR1 which comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4. Even more preferably, the isolated nucleic acid encodes an antibody light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 (the full LCVR region of 4A5-3.1.1-B4).

In other embodiments, the invention features an isolated nucleic acid encoding an antibody light chain variable region that encodes the 4A5-3.1.1-B4 light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8 Preferably, the nucleic acid encoding the antibody light chain variable region further encodes a 4A5-3.1.1-B4 light chain CDR1 which comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4. Even more preferably, the isolated nucleic acid encodes an antibody light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 (the full LCVR region of 4A5-3.1.1-B4).

In another embodiment, the invention provides an isolated nucleic acid encoding a heavy chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:16 (i.e., the 4A5-3.1.1-B4 HCVR CDR3). This nucleic acid can encode only the CDR3 region or, more preferably, encodes an entire antibody heavy chain variable region (HCVR). For example, the nucleic acid can encode a HCVR having a CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:14 (i.e., the 4A5-3.1.1-B4 HCVR CDR2) and a CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:12 (i.e., 4A5-3.1.1-B4 HCVR CDR1).

In still another embodiment, the invention provides an isolated nucleic acid encoding an antibody light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 (i.e., the 4A5-3.1.1-B4 LCVR). Preferably this nucleic acid comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, although the skilled artisan will appreciate that due to the degeneracy of the genetic code, other nucleotide sequences can encode the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2. The nucleic acid can encode only the LCVR or can also encode an antibody light chain constant region, operatively linked to the LCVR. In one embodiment, this nucleic acid is in a recombinant expression vector.

In still another embodiment, the invention provides an isolated nucleic acid encoding an antibody heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:10 (i.e., the 4A5-3.1.1-B4 HCVR). Preferably this nucleic acid comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:9, although the skilled artisan will appreciate that due to the degeneracy of the genetic code, other nucleotide sequences can encode the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:10. The nucleic acid can encode only the HCVR or can also encode a heavy chain constant region, operatively linked to the HCVR. For example, the nucleic acid can comprise an IgG1 or IgG4 constant region. In one embodiment, this nucleic acid is in a recombinant expression vector.

Those of ordinary skill in the art are aware that modifications in the amino acid sequence of the antibody can result in an antibody that display equivalent or superior functional characteristics when compared to the original antibody. Alterations in the antibodies of the present invention can include one or more amino acid insertions, deletions, substitutions, truncations, fusions, and the like, either from natural mutations or human manipulation. The present invention encompasses antibodies disclosed herein further comprising one or more amino acid substitutions provided that the substituted antibodies have substantially the same (or improved or reduced, as may be desirable) activity(ies) as the antibodies disclosed herein. Preferably, a CDR of the present invention has 3 or less conservative substitutions. Preferably, a CDR of the present invention has 2 or less conservative substitutions. Preferably, a CDR of the present invention has one conservative substitution. The skilled artisan will recognize that antibodies having conservative amino acid substitutions can be prepared by a variety of techniques known in the art. For example, a number of mutagenesis methods can be used, including PCR assembly, Kunkel (dut-ung-) and thiophosphate (Amersham Sculptor kit) oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis. Conservative substitutions of interest are shown in Table 1 along with preferred substitutions.

TABLE 1 Conservative Substitutions Preferred Residue Substitutions Substitution Ala (A) gly, val, leu, ile, ser, met, thr Val Arg (R) lys, gln, asn, his Lys Asn (N) Gln Gln Asp (D) Glu Glu Cys (C) Ser Ser Gln (O) Asn Asn Glu (E) Asp Asp Gly (G) Ala, ile, leu, pro, ser, met, val val Ala His (H) Asn, gln, lys, arg Arg Ile (I) Leu, val, met, ala, phe, norleucine Leu Leu (L) norleucine, ile, val, met, ala phe Ile Lys (K) Arg, gln, asn, his Arg Met (M) Ala, gly, ile, leu, phe, ser, val Leu Phe (F) Leu, val, ile, ala, trp, tyr Tyr Pro (P) Ser (S) Ala, gly, ile, leu, met, thr, val Thr Thr (T) Ala, gly, ile, leu, met, ser, val Ser Trp (W) tyr, phe Tyr Tyr (Y) trp, phe, thr, ser Phe Val (V) Ala, ile, leu, met, ser, met, norleu Leu

The invention also provides recombinant expression vectors encoding an antibody comprising a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of a polypeptide as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2, a polypeptide as shown in SEQ ID NO: 4, a polypeptide as shown in SEQ ID NO: 6, a polypeptide as shown in SEQ ID NO: 8, a polypeptide as shown in SEQ ID NO: 10, a polypeptide as shown in SEQ ID NO: 12, a polypeptide as shown in SEQ ID NO: 14; and a polypeptide as shown in SEQ ID NO: 16.

The invention also provides recombinant expression vectors encoding both an antibody heavy chain and an antibody light chain. For example, in one embodiment, the invention provides a recombinant expression vector encoding:

a) an antibody heavy chain having a variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:10; and

b) an antibody light chain having a variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.

Once expressed, the whole antibodies, their dimers, individual light and heavy chains, or other immunoglobulin forms of the present invention can be purified according to standard procedures of the art, including ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion exchange, affinity, reverse phase, hydrophobic interaction column chromatography, gel electro-phoresis and the like. Substantially pure immunoglobulins of at least about 90 to 95% homogeneity are preferred, and 98 to 99% or more homogeneity most preferred, for pharmaceutical uses. Once purified, partially or to homogeneity as desired, the polypeptides may then be used therapeutically or prophylactically, as directed herein.

The antibodies of the present invention can be incorporated into pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration to a subject. Typically, the pharmaceutical composition comprises an antibody or antibody portion of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, carrier, and/or excipient. The pharmaceutical compositions for administration are designed to be appropriate for the selected mode of administration, and pharmaceutically acceptable diluents, carrier, and/or excipients such as dispersing agents, buffers, surfactants, preservatives, solubilizing agents, isotonicity agents, stabilizing agents and the like are used as appropriate.

A pharmaceutical composition comprising an anti-hTNFSF13b human antibody of the present invention can be administered to a mammal at risk for or exhibiting autoimmunity related symptoms or pathology such as systemic lupus erythematosus using standard administration techniques by intravenous, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, pulmonary, transdermal, intramuscular, intranasal, buccal, sublingual, or suppository administration.

The antibodies of the invention can be incorporated into a pharmaceutical composition suitable for parenteral administration. Peripheral systemic delivery by intravenous or intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection is preferred. Suitable vehicles for such injections are straightforward. In addition, however, administration may also be effected through the mucosal membranes by means of nasal aerosols or suppositories. Suitable formulations for such modes of administration are well known and typically include surfactants that facilitate cross-membrane transfer.

The pharmaceutical compositions typically must be sterile and stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage. Therefore, pharmaceutical compositions may be sterile filtered after making the formulation, or otherwise made microbiologically acceptable. A typical composition for intravenous infusion could have a volume as much as 250 mL of fluid, such as sterile Ringer's solution, and 1-100 mg per mL, or more in antibody concentration. Therapeutic agents of the invention can all be frozen or lyophilized for storage and reconstituted in a suitable sterile carrier prior to use. Lyophilization and reconstitution can lead to varying degrees of antibody activity loss (e.g. with conventional immune globulins, IgM antibodies tend to have greater activity loss than IgG antibodies). Dosages may have to be adjusted to compensate. The pH of the formulation will be selected to balance antibody stability (chemical and physical) and comfort to the patient when administered. Generally, pH between 6 and 8 is tolerated.

TNFSF13b plays a critical role in the pathology associated with a variety of diseases involving immune and inflammatory factors. Therefore, a pharmaceutical composition comprising an anti-hTNFSF13b human antibody of the invention can be used to treat disorders in which TNFSF13b activity is detrimental, for example immune diseases including autoimmune diseases and inflammatory diseases. Preferred disorders include, but are not limited to, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile chronic arthritis, Lyme arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, allergic diseases, psoriasis, graft versus host disease, organ transplant rejection, acute or chronic immune disease associated with organ transplantation, sarcoidosis, infectious diseases, parasitic diseases, female infertility, autoimmune thrombocytopenia, autoimmune thyroid disease, Hashimoto's disease, Sjogren's syndrome, and cancers, particularly B or T cell lymphomas or myelomas.

More preferably, a pharmaceutical composition comprising an anti-hTNFSF13b human antibody and/or antibody fragment of the invention is used to treat systemic lupus erythematosus.

The use of the antibody of an anti-hTNFSF13b human antibody of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of at least one of the aforementioned disorders in which TNFSF13b activity is detrimental is also contemplated herein.

In certain situations, an antibody of the invention will be co-formulated with and/or co-adminstered with one or more additional therapeutic agents that are used in the treatment of autoimmune and/or inflammatory diseases. Such combination therapies may advantageously utilize lower dosages of the administered therapeutic agents, thus avoiding possible toxicities or complications associated with the various monotherapies. It will be appreciated by the skilled practitioner that when the antibodies of the invention are used as part of a combination therapy, a lower dosage of antibody may be desirable than when the antibody alone is administered to a subject (e.g., a synergistic therapeutic effect may be achieved through the use of combination therapy which, in turn, permits use of a lower dose of the antibody to achieve the desired therapeutic effect).

The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may include a “therapeutically effective amount” or a “prophylactically effective amount” of an antibody of the invention. A “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve the desired therapeutic result. A therapeutically effective amount of the antibody may vary according to factors such as the disease state, age, sex, and weight of the individual, and the ability of the antibody or antibody portion to elicit a desired response in the individual. A therapeutically effective amount is also one in which any toxic or detrimental effects of the antibody or antibody portion are outweighed by the therapeutically beneficial effects. A “prophylactically effective amount” refers to an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve the desired prophylactic result. Typically, since a prophylactic dose is used in subjects prior to or at an earlier stage of disease, the prophylactically effective amount will be less than the therapeutically effective amount.

Dosage regimens may be adjusted to provide the optimum desired response (e.g., a therapeutic or prophylactic response). For example, a single bolus may be administered, several divided doses may be administered over time or the dose may be proportionally reduced or increased as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic situation.

Given their ability to bind to hTNFSF13b, antibodies, of the invention can be used to detect TNFSF13b polypeptides (e.g, in a biological sample, such as serum or plasma), using a conventional immunoassay, such as an enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), an radioimmunoassay (RIA) or tissue immunohistochemistry. The invention provides a method for detecting TNFSF13b in a biological sample comprising contacting a biological sample with an antibody, or antibody portion, of the invention and detecting either the antibody (or antibody portion) bound to hTNFSF13b or unbound antibody (or antibody portion), to thereby detect hTNFSF13b in the biological sample. The antibody is directly or indirectly labeled with a detectable substance to facilitate detection of the bound or unbound antibody. Suitable detectable substances include various enzymes, prosthetic groups, fluorescent materials, luminescent materials and radioactive materials. Examples of suitable enzymes include horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, β-galactosidase, or acetylcholinesterase; examples of suitable prosthetic group complexes include streptavidin/biotin and avidin/biotin; examples of suitable fluorescent materials include umbelliferone, fluorescein, fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine, dichlorotriazinyl-amine fluorescein, dansyl chloride or phycoerythrin; an example of a luminescent material includes luminol; and examples of suitable radioactive material include ¹²⁵I, ¹³¹I, ³⁵S, or ³H.

Alternative to labeling the antibody, TNFSF13b can be assayed in biological fluids by a competition immunoassay utilizing TNFSF13b standards labeled with a detectable substance and an unlabeled anti-hTNFSF13b human antibody. In this assay, the biological sample, the labeled TNFSF13b standards and the anti-hTNFSF13b human antibody are combined and the amount of labeled TNFSF13b standard bound to the unlabeled antibody is determined. The amount of TNFSF13b in the biological sample is inversely proportional to the amount of labeled rTNFSF13b standard bound to the anti-hTNFSF13b human antibody.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a use of an antibody that neutralizes TNFSF13b activity by binding an epitope of TNFSF13b. The epitope was identified as described in Example 10. For reference, the soluble portion of hTNFSF13b is represented as follows:

Human TNFSF13b SEQ ID NO: 21 1 AVQGPEETVT QDCLQLIADS ETPTIQKGSY TFVPWLLSFK 40 41 RGSALEEKEN KILVKETGYF FIYGQVLYTD KTYAMGHLIQ 80 81 RKKVHVFGDE LSLVTLFRCI QNMPETLPNN SCYSAGIAKL 120 121 EEGDELQLAI PRENAQISLD GDVTFFGALK LL. 152

The hTNFSF13b amino acids involved in binding the novel anti-hTNFSF13b human antibodies comprise at least one of the amino acids selected from the group consisting of: threonine at position 69, lysine at position 71, threonine at position 72, tyrosine at position 73, glutamic acid at position 105, threonine at position 106, leucine at position 107, and asparagine at position 109. In another embodiment, the amino acids involved in binding the novel anti-hTNFSF13b human antibodies comprise at least two of the amino acids selected from the group consisting of: threonine at position 69, lysine at position 71, threonine at position 72, tyrosine at position 73, glutamic acid at position 105, threonine at position 106, leucine at position 107, and asparagine at position 109. In another embodiment, the amino acids involved in binding the novel anti-hTNFSF13b human antibodies comprise at least three of the amino acids selected from the group consisting of: threonine at position 69, lysine at position 71, threonine at position 72, tyrosine at position 73, glutamic acid at position 105, threonine at position 106, leucine at position 107, and asparagine at position 109. In another embodiment, the amino acids involved in binding the novel anti-hTNFSF13b human antibodies comprise at least four of the amino acids selected from the group consisting of: threonine at position 69, lysine at position 71, threonine at position 72, tyrosine at position 73, glutamic acid at position 105, threonine at position 106, leucine at position 107, and asparagine at position 109.

In another embodiment, the amino acids involved in binding the novel anti-hTNFSF13b human antibodies comprise lysine at position 71, threonine at position 72, tyrosine at position 73, and glutamic acid at position 105.

In another embodiment, the amino acids involved in binding the novel anti-hTNFSF13b human antibodies comprise glutamic acid at position 105 and at least one of the amino acids selected from the group consisting of: threonine at position 69, lysine at position 71, threonine at position 72, and tyrosine at position 73. In another embodiment, the amino acids involved in binding the novel anti-hTNFSF13b human antibodies comprise threonine at position 106 and at least one of the amino acids selected from the group consisting of: threonine at position 69, lysine at position 71, threonine at position 72, and tyrosine at position 73. In another embodiment, the amino acids involved in binding the novel anti-hTNFSF13b human antibodies comprise leucine at position 107 and at least one of the amino acids selected from the group consisting of: threonine at position 69, lysine at position 71, threonine at position 72, and tyrosine at position 73. In another embodiment, the amino acids involved in binding the novel anti-hTNFSF13b human antibodies comprise asparagine at position 109 and at least one of the amino acids selected from the group consisting of: lysine at position 71, threonine at position 72, and tyrosine at position 73.

In another embodiment, the amino acids involved in binding the novel anti-hTNFSF13b human antibodies comprise lysine at position 71, threonine at position 72, tyrosine at position 73, and glutamic acid at position 105.

The following examples are intended to illustrate but not to limit the invention.

EXAMPLE 1 Generation of Anti-hTNFSF13b Human Monoclonal Antibodies

Monoclonal antibodies were generated using the HuMAb-Mouse™ technology at Medarex by immunizing the mice with soluble hTNFSF13b (amino acids 133-285, purchased from RDI, Flanders, N.J.). Both the HCo7 and HCo12 mice were used. Mice were immunized with 15 μg to 50 μg soluble hTNFSF13b in RIBI, Freund's complete adjuvant or Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Eight mice producing serum antibody titers to hTNFSF13b were injected i.v. with 10 μg hTNFSF13b in PBS. The spleen was harvested three days later from each mouse and fused with myeloma cells according to the method described in Zola (Zola, H. Monoclonal antibodies: A Manual of Techniques. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. (1987)).

Hybridomas were tested for binding to hTNFSF13b and to make sure they were expressing human immunoglobulin heavy and light chains. Antibody binding to hTNFSF13b was detected by ELISA as follows:

Plates were coated with 50 μl of 5 μg/ml hTNFSF13b in PBS overnight at 4° C. Plates were then emptied and blocked with 100 μl PBS+0.05% Tween 20 (PBST)+5% chicken serum for 1 hour at room temperature. After washing three times with PBST, the plates were drained and 100 μl diluted secondary reagents (HRP-HuIgGFc, Jackson cat#109-036-098 or HRP-HuKappa, Bethyl cat#A80-115P; 1:5000 in blocking buffer) was added per well. After an 1 hour incubation at room temperature plates were washed three times as described above. Plates were developed using 10 ml citrate phosphate buffer pH 4.0, 80 μl ABTS, 8 μl H₂O₂ per plate. After incubating 30 min. to 1 hour at room temperature, absorbance of the plates was read A415-A490. Hybridomas that showed binding to hTNFSF13b and that were huIgG heavy chain and human kappa light chain were selected for subcloning.

Cell culture media of subcloned hybridomas was concentrated in Amicon ProFlux M12 tangential filtration systems using an Amicon S3Y30 UF membranes. The concentrated media was passed over protein-A Sepharose columns (5 to 20 ml column) at a flow rate of 5 ml/min. The columns were washed with buffer A (PBS, pH 7.4) until the absorbance returned to baseline and the bound polypeptides were eluted with 50 mM citric acid, pH 3.2. Fractions were immediately neutralized with 1M Tris, pH 8.0. Fractions were then analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Fractions containing antibody were pooled and concentrated using an Ultrafree™ centrifugal filter unit (Millipore, 10 kDa molecular weight cut-off).

EXAMPLE 2 Functional Activity of Anti-hTNFSF13b Human Antibodies

Neutralizing activity of the anti-hTNFSF13b human antibodies of the invention was measured using a murine Il-1 dependent B cell line, T1165.17. The cells were washed three times with assay media (RPMI1640 containing 10% FBS, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 5×10⁻⁵ M 2-mercaptoethanol and penicillin, streptomycin and fungizone) to remove IL-1. The cells were resuspended at 100,000 cells/ml in assay media containing 2.5 ng/ml soluble huTNFSF13b and plated at 5000 cells/well in a 96 well plate and incubated at 37° C. in 5% CO₂. Supernatants from ELISA positive hybridomas were included at a 1:4 dilution. Forty-eight hours later, 20 μl of Promega™ CellTiter 96™ Aqueous One Solution (Madison, Wis.) was added and the plate incubated for 5 more hours at 37° C. in 5% CO₂. Absorbance was read at A490, to measure proliferation. An example of neutralization activity for one of the hybridoma supernatants, 4A5-3.1.1-B4, is shown in FIG. 1. As a control, the antibodies were added to IL-1 stimulated cells. There was no evidence of inhibition of IL-1 stimulated proliferation, only the hTNFSF13b stimulated proliferation.

The neutralizing antibodies were tested for the ability to inhibit TNFSF13b augmented primary human B cell proliferation in response to anti-IgM stimulation. Primary human B cells were isolated from human blood using CD19 positive selection using the MACS magnetic isolation system (Miltenyi Biotec, Auburn, Calif.). The B cells were added to wells of a 96-well plate at 2×10⁵ cells per well in complete RPMI containing 10% FCS (complete RPMI is RPMI1640 containing 10 mM L-glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 μg/ml streptomycin, 1 mM sodium puruvate, 0.1 mM non-essential amino acids, and 1×10⁻⁵ M β-mercaptoethanol). Some of the wells were coated with 10 μg/ml anti-human IgM in PBS (BD PharMingen, Clone G20-127), overnight at 4° C. and washed four times with PBS before use. Some of the cells were stimulated with soluble hTNFSF13b (25 ng/ml) in the presence or absence of neutralizing anti-hTNFSF13b antibody (2.5 μg/ml). FIG. 2 illustrates the ability of 4A5-3.1.1-B4 to neutralize the stimulatory effect of hTNFSF13b.

EXAMPLE 3 Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies

All of the neutralizing anti-hTNFSF13b antibodies were either human IgG1 or human IgG4. They were also assayed for their ability to bind to hTNFSF13b in a denatured state, i.e., hTNFSF13b separated on SDS-PAGE and blotted onto nitrocellulose. All of the neutralizing antibodies failed to bind hTNFSF13b in a Western blot while several of the non-neutralizing antibodies were able to do so.

Experiments utilizing the BIACore System™ were performed to determine if non-neutralizing antibodies and neutralizing antibodies bound to the same site on hTNFSF13b. First, 4A5-3.1.1-B4 was coated onto a chip followed by injection of hTNFSF13b and then a saturating amount of non-neutralizing antibody. Once saturation was achieved, a high concentration of 4A5-3.1.1-B4 was run over the chip. Eleven of the non-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies were unable to compete for the same binding site as 4A5-3.1.1-B4. One non-neutralizing hybridoma was able to block the binding of 4A5-3.1.1-B4 by approximately 45%, indicating that it may have an epitope near the 4A5-3.1.1-B4 epitope.

Using the same experimental design, it was also determined that the neutralizing mAb, 4A5-3.1.1-B4, could compete for the same binding site as one of the receptors for hTNFSF13b, TACI. These experiments suggest that TACI-Fc and 4A5-3.1.1-B4 may have overlapping epitopes on hTNFSF13b.

4A5-3.1.1-B4 was immobilized on a solid phase by passing the antibody solution over an IMAC resin loaded with Co⁺². Following binding, the cobalt was oxidized to the +3 state by incubation of the resin with a dilute peroxide solution. After washing the resin, native hTNFSF13b and hTNFSF13b that was modified (by reduction/alkylation or by thermal denaturation) was passed over the column. After washing, the bound protein was eluted with an acidic solution and the eluted proteins were analyzed by MALDI MS. 4A5-3.1.1-B4 bound native recombinant hTNFSF13b, but did not bind either the chemically or thermally modified hTNFSF13b. Therefore, the 4A5-3.1.1-B4 appears to recognize a conformational epitope on soluble hTNFSF13b.

Recombinant soluble hTNFSF13b (RDI) was incubated with 4A5-3.1.1-B4 or anti-TNFSF13b rabbit polyclonal antibody (MoBiTec, Marco Island, Fla.; against amino acids 254 to 269 of hTNFSF13b) on ice for 2 hours and the protein mixture was applied to a size-exclusion HPLC (two, tandem TosoHaas TSK-GEL G3000PW columns) equilibrated in PBS at a flow rate of 0.25 ml/min. Proteins were eluted with PBS. As controls, antibody solutions and the solution of hTNFSF13b were analyzed separately. Human TNFSF13b eluted from the size exclusion column in a position consistent with a trimer of TNFSF13b molecules. The elution of trimeric hTNFSF13b shifted to an earlier timepoint in the presence of 4A5-3.1.1-B4 but not in the presence of anti-TNFSF13b polyclonal antibodies indicating the binding of trimeric hTNFSF13b to the 4A5-3.1.1-B4 antibody. This data suggests that the neutralizing mAb 4A5-3.1.1-B4 binds to a conformational epitope on hTNFSF13b.

EXAMPLE 4 Affinity Measurement of Monoclonal Antibodies by BIAcore

The affinity of various anti-hTNFSF13b human antibodies for hTNFSF13b was measured using a BIAcore 2000 instrument system. The system utilizes the optical properties of Surface Plasmon Resonance to detect alteration in protein concentration of interacting molecules within a dextran biosensor matrix. Except where noted, all reagents and materials were purchased from BIAcore AB (Uppsala, Sweden). All measurements were performed at 25° C. Samples were dissolved in HBS-EP buffer (150 mM NaCl, 3 mM EDTA, 0.005% (w/v) surfactant P-20, and 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.4). Goat anti-mouse IgG (Fc specific; Jackson Immunoresearch, West Grove, Pa.) was immobilized on flow cell 1 on a CM5 sensor chip using the amine coupling kit. Goat anti-human IgG (Fc specific; Jackson Immunoresearch) was immobilized on flow cell 2 also by amine coupling. Both antibodies were immobilized to reach 700 response units each.

Binding of recombinant hTNFSF13b (Research Diagnostics, Inc., Flanders, N.J.) was evaluated using multiple analytical cycles. Each cycle was performed at a flow rate of 30 μl/min. and consisted of the following steps: injection of 150 μl of 4A5-3.1.1-B4 at 20 μg/ml, injection of 250 μl of hTNFSF13b (starting at 50 nM and using 2 fold serial dilutions for each cycle) followed by 15 minutes for dissociation, and regeneration using 90 μl of 10 mM glycine HCl, pH 1.5.

Association and dissociation rates for each cycle were evaluated using a Langmuir 1:1 binding model in the BIAevaluation software. The K_(D) of 4A5-3.1.1-B4 for hTNFSF13b was determined to be 38 pM.

EXAMPLE 5 Cloning and Sequencing of Heavy and Light Chain Antigen Binding Regions

The variable region for the heavy and light chain for the neutralizing human mAb 4A5-3.1.1-B4 were cloned and sequenced using the following protocols.

mRNA was prepared from 2×10⁶ hybridoma cells using the Micro-Fast Track protocol (Invitrogen) supplied with the kit. cDNA was prepared from 200 μl of ethanol precipitate of mRNA using cDNA Cycle kit (Invitrogen) by spinning the aliquot of mRNA for 30 min. at 14,000 rpm at 4° C. followed by washing the pellet with 70% ethanol. The air dried pellet was resuspended in 11.5 μl of sterile water and cDNA was prepared following the kit's instructions. The optional second round of cDNA synthesis was omitted but the cDNA was cleaned using the pheno/chloroform extraction step and ethanol precipitation. The cDNA pellet was resuspended in 30 μl of TE for use in PCR.

The PCR reactions were set up with degenerate primers at the 5′ end of the variable region for the heavy and light chain paired with 3′ primers in the constant region. For each 50 ul reaction, 1 ul of cDNA was used. The reaction was set up as directed for use with PfuI followed by 20 cycles. The PCR products were checked by running 5 μl of each reaction on a 1% agarose gel. The positive reactions were cloned using the Zero Blunt TOPO PCR cloning kit (Invitrogen). Minipreps from the positive clones were sequenced and analyzed for productive gene rearrangements. Results from independent PCR reactions and sequencing of multiple clones revealed the sequences as described below.

Human antibody 4A5-3.1.1-B4 light chain sequences (CDRs are in bold).

Human antibody 4A5-3.1.1-B4 heavy chain sequences (CDRs are in bold, signal sequence is italicized).

EXAMPLE 6 Species Crossreactivity of Anti-hTNFSF13b Human Antibodies with Non-Human TNFSF13b

In order to determine the species crossreactivity of the neutralizing mAbs, an ELISA was set up utilizing 4A5-3.1.1-B4 as both the capture and detecting mAb. Human recombinant TNFSF13b was used as the standard curve. Human TNFSF13b could be detected in the culture supernatant from CHO cells transfected with a vector expressing hTNFSF13b, supernatants from cultured human monocytes or human serum or plasma. Supernatants from CHO cells expressing murine TNFSF13b were tested for reactivity in the ELISA and were negative. 4A5-3.1.1-B4 was also unable to immunopreciptate murine TNFSF13b but was able to immunoprecipitate human TNFSF13b. Murine TNFSF13b was used in the proliferation assay described in Example 2. Using this proliferation assay, 4A5-3.1.1-B4 was unable to neutralize the proliferation induced by murine TNFSF13b. This indicates that 4A5-3.1.1-B4 is unable to recognize murine TNFSF13b.

EXAMPLE 7 Amino Acid Sequence of Heavy Chain 4A5-3.1.1-B4

Below is the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain 4A5-3.1.1-B4 antibody which comprises the HCVR and the IgG4 constant region. The human IgG4 constant region has a serine at position 231. However, this position at 231 was substituted from a serine to a proline which introduces a structural change in the hinge region for obtaining optimal inter-chain disulfide bonds. This reduces the generation of half antibodies. Half antibodies are formed from one heavy chain and one light chain.

(SEQ ID NO: 17) 1 QVQLQQWGAG LLKPSETLSL TCAVYGGSFS GYYWSWIRQP  PGKGLEWIGE 51 INHSGSTNYN PSLKSRVTIS VDTSKNQFSL KLSSVTAADT  AVYYCARGYY 101 DILTGYYYYF DYWGQGTLVT VSSASTKGPS VFPLAPCSRS  TSESTAALGC 151 LVKDYFPEPV TVSWNSGALT SGVHTFPAVL QSSGLYSLSS  VVTVPSSSLG 201 TKTYTCNVDH KPSNTKVDKR VESKYGPPCP PCPAPEFLGG  PSVFLFPPKP 251 KDTLMISRTP EVTCVVVDVS QEDPEVQFNW YVDGVEVHNA  KTKPREEQFN 301 STYRVVSVLT VLHQDWLNGK EYKCKVSNKG LPSSIEKTIS  KAKGQPREPQ 351 VYTLPPSQEE MTKNQVSLTC LVKGFYPSDI AVEWESNGQP  ENNYKTTPPV 401 LDSDGSFFLY SRLTVDKSRW QEGNVFSCSV MHEALHNHYT  QKSLSLSLGK

In addition, an alanine for phenylalanine substitution at position 237 and an alanine or glutamic acid substitution for leucine at position 238 can be made to lessen the effector function of the antibody.

EXAMPLE 8 Amino Acid Sequence of Heavy Chain 4A5-3.1.1-B4

Below is the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain 4A5-3.1.1-B4 antibody which comprises the HCVR and the IgG1 constant region.

(SEQ ID NO: 18) 1 QVQLQQWGAG LLKPSETLSL TCAVYGGSFS GYYWSWIRQP  PGKGLEWIGE 51 INHSGSTNYN PSLKSRVTIS VDTSKNQFSL KLSSVTAADT  AVYYCARGYY 101 DILTGYYYYF DYWGQGTLVT VSSASTKGPS VFPLAPSSKS  TSGGTAALGC 151 LVKDYFPEPV TVSWNSGALT SGVHTFPAVL QSSGLYSLSS  VVTVPSSSLG 201 TQTYICNVNH KPSNTKVDKK VEPKSCDKTH TCPPCPAPEL  LGGPSVFLFP 251 PKPKDTLMIS RTPEVTCVVV DVSHEDPEVK FNWYVDGVEV  HNAKTKPREE 301 QYNSTYRVVS VLTVLHQDWL NGKEYKCKVS NKALPAPIEK  TISKAKGQPR 351 EPQVYTLPPS RDELTKNQVS LTCLVKGFYP SDIAVEWESN  GQPENNYKTT 401 PPVLDSDGSF FLYSKLTVDK SRWQQGNVFS CSVMHEALHN  HYTQKSLSLS 451 PGK

EXAMPLE 9 Amino Acid Sequence of Light Chain 4A5-3.1.1-B4

Below is the amino acid sequence of the light chain 4A5-3.1.1-B4 antibody which comprises the LCVR and the kappa constant region.

(SEQ ID NO: 19) 1 EIVLTQSPAT LSLSPGERAT LSCRASQSVS RYLAWYQQKP  GQAPRLLIYD 51 ASNRATGIPA RFSGSGSGTD STLTISSLEP EDFAVYYCQQ  RSNWPRTFGQ 101 GTKVEIKRTV AAPSVFIFPP SDEQLKSGTA SVVCLLNNFY  PREAKVQWKV 151 DNALQSGNSQ ESVTEQDSKD STYSLSNTLT LSKADYEKHK  VYACEVTHQG 201 LSSPVTKSFN RGEC

EXAMPLE 10 Identification of the Epitope for 4A5-3.1.1-B4

The epitope to which 4A5-3.1.1-B4 bound and neutralized human TNFSF13b was determined Human and murine TNFSF13b sequences were aligned as shown below:

Mouse TNFSF13b 1 AFQGPEETEQ DVDLSAPPAP CLPGCRHSQH DDNGMNLRNI IQDCLQLIA  49 SEQ ID NO: 22 Human TNFSF13b 1 AVQGPEE--- ---------- ---------- --------TV TQDCLQLIA  18 SEQ ID NO: 21 Mouse TNFSF13b 50 DSDTPTIRKG TYTFVPWLLS FKRGNALEEK ENKIVVRQTG YFFIYSQVLY  99 Human TNFSF13b 19 DSETPTIQKG SYTFVPWLLS FKRGSALEEK ENKILVKETG YFFIYGQVLY  68 Mouse TNFSF13b 100 TDPIFAMGHV IQRKKVHVFG DELSLVTLFR CIQNMPKTLP NNSCYSAGIA 149 Human TNFSF13 69 TDKTYAMGHL IQRKKVHVFG DELSLVTLFR CIQNMPETLP NNSCYSAGIA 118 Mouse TNFSF13b 150 RLEEGDEIQL AIPRENAQIS RNGDDTFFGA LKLL 183. Human TNFSF13b 119 KLEEGDELQL AIPRENAQIS LDGDVTFFGA LKLL 152.

A homology model was created for human TNFSF13b based on the known crystal structure for several TNF family members. Exposed residues that are different between mouse and human TNFSF13b are potential binding sites for 4A5-3.1.1-B4 since 4A5-3.1.1-B4 neutralizes human but not mouse TNFSF13b.

Three potential epitopes were identified: 1) K71, T72, Y73, E105; 2) Q26, S29, L139, D140; and 3) L53, K55, E56, K119. Mutagenesis was performed to make chimeric molecules by changing the amino acid sequence from human to mouse. Chimera A was L139R, D140N; Chimera B was K71P, T72I, Y73F; Chimera C was K71P, T72I, Y73F, E105K; Chimera D was L53V, K55R, E56Q; Chimera E was E105K.

Using the proliferation assay as described in Example 2, all of the chimeras were tested for functional activity and neutralization by 4A5-3.1.1-B4. Initial assays were performed using supernatants from 293 transient transfections for each of the chimeras and both human TNFSF13b and murine TNFSF13b parent molecules. All of the chimeras induced similar proliferation indicating that the chimeras produced were functional. Using 6 ug/ml of 4A5-3.1.1-B4, 100% neutralization was observed with human TNFSF13b and chimeras A, B, D and E. No neutralization was observed for murine TNFSF13b or chimera C. Purified TNFSF13b mutants were produced for chimera A, B, and C and the assay was repeated using 11 ng/ml of each parent TNFSF13b or chimera TNFSF13b and 1 ug/ml of 4A5-3.1.1-B4. The results showed 100% neutralization was observed with human TNFSF13b and chimera A, 88% neutralization with chimera B, and no neutralization was observed for murine TNFSF13b or chimera C.

EXAMPLE 11 In Vivo Studies Using 4A5-3.1.1-B4

Transgenic mice overexpressing soluble human TNFSF13b are generated using established techniques as described by Hogan, B. et al. (1986) Manipulating the Mouse Embryo: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NY] as modified by Fox and Solter (Mol. Cell. Biol. 8: 5470, 1988). Briefly, a DNA fragment encompassing the hTNFSF13b gene is microinjected into the male pronuclei of newly fertilized one-cell-stage embryos (zygotes) of the FVB/N strain. The embryos are cultured in vitro overnight to allow development to the two-cell-stage. Two-cell embryos are then transplanted into the oviducts of pseudopregnant CD-1 strain mice to allow development to term. To test for the presence of the transgene in the newborn mice, a small piece of toe is removed from each animal and digested with proteinase K to release the nucleic acids. A sample of the toe extract is subsequently subjected to PCR analysis to identify transgene-containing mice.

The hTNFSF13b transgenic mice had a dramatic increase in peripheral B cells, generally about three fold compared to age and sex matched littermates. There was a slight increase in peripheral T cells as well. The hTNFSF13b transgenic mice were treated with 4A5-3.1.1-B4 to determine if neutralization of hTNFSF13b would result in a reduction in B cell numbers back to normal levels. At 15 weeks old, female hTNFSF13b mice were injected subcutaneously twice a week for three weeks with either 25 ug of 4A5-3.1.1-B4 or isotype control antibody. Four days after the last injection of antibody, the mice were sacrificed and the spleen removed for analysis. B and T cell numbers were calculated by determining the percentage of CD19+ cells, for B cells, and CD3+ cells, for T cells using flow cytometry and absolute white blood cell count for each spleen. The results are shown below demonstrate that in vivo administration of 4A5-3.1.1-B4 to hTNFSF13b transgenic mice is able to restore the normal numbers of T and B cells (average±standard deviation)

B cells T cells (×10⁶) (×10⁶) Treatment Group Wild type littermates  29 ± 11 46 ± 15 Transgenic + Isotype mAb 122 ± 30 75 ± 14 Transgenic + 4A5 mAb 29 ± 5 46 ± 12 

1-44. (canceled)
 45. A method of treating a human patient suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus comprising: administering to the said patient an anti-hTNFSF13b human antibody comprising SEQ ID NO: 2 and SEQ ID NO:
 10. 46. The method of claim 45, wherein the anti-hTNFSF13b human antibody comprises SEQ ID NO: 17 and SEQ ID NO:
 19. 47. The method of claim 45, wherein the anti-hTNFSF13b human antibody comprises SEQ ID NO: 18 and SEQ ID NO:
 19. 48. A method of treating a human patient suffering from rheumatoid arthritis comprising: administering to the said patient an anti-hTNFSF13b human antibody comprising SEQ ID NO: 2 and SEQ ID NO:
 10. 49. The method of claim 48, wherein the anti-hTNFSF13b human antibody comprises SEQ ID NO: 17 and SEQ ID NO:
 19. 50. The method of claim 48, wherein the anti-hTNFSF13b human antibody comprises SEQ ID NO: 18 and SEQ ID NO:
 19. 51. A method of treating a human patient suffering from cancer comprising: administering to the said patient an anti-hTNFSF13b human antibody comprising SEQ ID NO: 2 and SEQ ID NO:
 10. 52. The method of claim 51, wherein the anti-hTNFSF13b human antibody comprises SEQ ID NO: 17 and SEQ ID NO:
 19. 53. The method of claim 51, wherein the anti-hTNFSF13b human antibody comprises SEQ ID NO: 18 and SEQ ID NO:
 19. 